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ECN211G Intermediate Microeconomics
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ECN211G Intermediate Microeconomics
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Course Code: ECN211G
University: Vesalius College
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Country: Belgium
Question:
Choose one of the industries below or any other industry you might prefer. Discuss the structure of the industry and how many firms there might be in the industry.
You must analyze based on the number of players in the industry how competitive that industry might be, providing the individual market shares of the of major firms in the industry.
Is the industry Perfectly Competitive, is it a Monopoly, Is it Monopolistically Competitive, or is it an Oligopoly? You may want to list the major characteristics of the industry structure.
Are the firms in the industry price makers and to what degree do they set their own prices? Is there a dominant firm in that industry and which firm is it that dominates the market?
Does the industry or any of its firms generate any externalities? What kind of externalities and what role should the government play to address or correct for the externalities?
What are the sales volumes of the industry and that of its major firms? You must provide data and evidence of such information.
Answer:
Introduction:
This study is a secondary research regarding the types and features of an industry in the USA. The airline industry of the USA has been a major innovator and leader in the global civil aviation industry of the world. Therefore, this industry has been selected for the analysis of this paper. The US airline industry is one of the busiest airline industries of the world as it handles around 1000000 passengers in a year. Apart from that, there are 12 airports in the USA that is included in the list of the top 30 busiest airports of the world. The citizens of the USA prefer airlines as a means of transportation from one city to another over the other means of transport such as railways and roadways. The large distances between different parts of the country have made a perfect platform for the airline industry of the USA (Goetz & Sutton, 2017). The objective of this study is to discuss the features and the structure of the industry in detail. The data and information collected for the analysis of the study have been collected from different secondary sources such as from the website of the Federal Reserve and different airlines companies.
Overview of the airline industry of the USA
US airline industry and the civil aviation industry is very vast having around 100 registered airline companies that serve 67 international airports of the country. This industry is also the biggest in the world in terms of the number of flights that departures annually. According to the figures of the year 2017, there were around 11 million flights that operated from different locations of the country. The industry of the USA also has a vast experience in carrying a lot of passengers in one go. There are more than 13 airline companies operating in the industry that uses bigger aircraft such as Boeing 747 to transport passengers from one point of the country to the other. Williams (2017) highlighted that 1 third of the overall global passenger is handled by the US industry. The number of passengers and the hence the industry is increasing at great speed. While the total number of passengers that flew in the year 2006 was 745 million, it increased to 891 million in the year 2014 (DOI Executive Aviation Board, 2018). The experts estimate that the industry is expected to expand at a greater pace due to the improved business connectivity of the USA with the emerging nations of the world.
The total revenue that was generated by the operation of the industry in the year 2017 was $160 billion making it the biggest national airline industry in the world. Advancement in technology and reduction in the price of fuel have further reduced the cost of operation of the companies in the industry. Given slightly elastic demand for the airline tickets due to the presence of other means of transportation, this reduction of prices have increased overall demand and hence the huge value of the industry. In terms of providing employment also, the airline industry of the country has been impressive as it currently employs more than 500000 individuals in different roles. Ciliberto, Cook & Williams (2017) stated that, as per the figure of the year 2017, there are around 8000 aircraft that operates daily making a total number of 30000 flights every day. Contributing 8% towards the GDP of the nation, the airline industry of the USA has been a major concern for the policymakers.
Market structure of the airline industry
The competition in the airline industry of the USA is immense and the competition among the different players is closely watched by the civil aeronautics board. The industry consists of huge small-sized companies and a few large companies. One of the objectives of the regulatory board is to keep an eye on the large players of the market as they tend to form cartel amongst them to keep the price level high. The industry is composed of both the premium and budget airlines that serve different needs of the customers of the market.
The market markets structure of the airline industry of the USA is similar to a monopolistic competition. This is due to the fact that, there are around 100 private airline companies that provide services (Fukui & Miyoshi, 2017). Each of the individual carriers does not have significant control over the equilibrium prices of the tickets across different types of classes. However, it needs to be noted that compared to the other markets, players in the airline industry have slight control over the prices which allows them to design the unique services of different airlines. Similar to the features of a monopolistically competitive market, the characteristics of the services provided by different companies are different and this slight control over the price allows them to design services uniquely (NTSB, 2018). There are few bigger companies in the industry that facilitates premium services to the customers of the market that allows the bigger players to have more power of the prices of the premium tickets. Hence, the bigger players such as the American Airlines set the prices of their tickets while the budget airlines such as Frontier Airlines take the price as given.
Figure 1: The market share of domestic airlines of the USA
(Source: Federal Aviation Administration, 2018)
As discussed above, apart from that budget airline there are a number of bigger players in the industry that captures a higher share of the market through their diversified and premium services (Mills, 2017). Few of the biggest players include American Airlines, South West Airlines, Delta Airlines, United Airlines, JetBlue airlines and many more. Among these big players, American Airlines have the largest market share of 18.3% which is closely followed by South West airlines which has 18.2% market share. The rivalry between these two companies helps the premium tickets to be in control. Apart from that, Delta Airlines and United Airlines also have a significant market share of 16.2% and 14.9% respectively. Rupp & Liu (2017) observed that South West Airlines and American Airlines have a larger control over the market and hence they dominate the industry in terms of setting prices and standards. Other large players such as Delta Airlines often follow the price trends of these two companies to maintain an industry standard service.
Externalities of the industry
There are no single firm or company in the airline industry of the USA that generates externalities. However, the industry as a whole has some of the positive externalities that help the economic activity of the US economy in direct and indirect ways. One of the major positive externality generated by the airline industry is the fact that they are the means of connection between far away markets of the world that indirectly helps in the reduction of cost in different technology-based industries of the country. Cao et al. (2017) noted that airports directly influences the regional and the national economy providing support indirect jobs that are connected to the operation of the airport and the airline industry in general. In addition to that, the operation of airports and the airlines help in the process of globalisation that in turn helps in the mobility of resources among different economies of the world.
Despite, the positive impacts of airline operation of the USA on other sectors of the economy, there are many negative externalities that harm the third parties (Button, 2017). One of the major problems that mainly affect the lives in the local region is the noise and the air pollution. The noise and air pollution increase the social cost of the nearby household which is not considered in the ticket prices of the companies. Additionally, the traffic associated with the operation of the airports increases air pollution in the locality leading to a higher social cost above the private cost of the airport authority and the airline’s company (Luttmann, 2018). However, it currently, the government of the USA has not undertaken any kind of interventions to correct the market failures that follow the externalities mainly because the impacts of externalities are much less than the value that it generates of the customers and the economy as a whole. Moreover, any kind of intervention to address this insignificant problem associated with the airport operation can hamper the pricing structure of the industry and hence the impressive performance.
Conclusion:
Therefore, airline industry of the USA is one of the largest in the world in terms of the value and the number of flights that departures annually. The market is also exemplary due to the number of players that operates in this industry. The industry in total contributes a significant amount towards the national GDP of the country. The structure of the industry and the company’s control over the prices are similar to a monopolistic competition where the number of sellers is quite large. However, there are a few large players that mainly dominate the industry with price setting and service designs. Budget airlines have less scope to capture a high share of the market as the competition at that level is fierce.
Reference:
Button, K. (2017). Airline deregulation: international experiences. Routledge.
Cao, K. H., Krier, B., Liu, C. M., McNamara, B., & Sharpe, J. (2017). The nonlinear effects of market structure on service quality: Evidence from the US airline industry. Review of Industrial Organization, 51(1), 43-73.
Ciliberto, F., Cook, E. E., & Williams, J. W. (2017). Network Structure and Consolidation in the US Airline Industry, 1990–2015. Review of Industrial Organization, 1-34.
DOI Executive Aviation Board. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.doi.gov/aviation/eab
Federal Aviation Administration. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/
Fukui, H., & Miyoshi, C. (2017). The impact of aviation fuel tax on fuel consumption and carbon emissions: The case of the US airline industry. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 234-253.
Goetz, A. R., & Sutton, C. J. (2017). US Airline Industry. Low Cost Carriers:” Emergence, Expansion and Evolution, 199.
Luttmann, A. (2018). Evidence of directional price discrimination in the US airline industry. International Journal of Industrial Organization.
Mills, A. J. (2017). Dueling Discourses: Desexualization versus Eroticism in the Corporate Framing of Female Sexuality in the British Airline Industry, 1945–1960?. In Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures (pp. 209-235). Emerald Publishing Limited.
NTSB Home. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.ntsb.gov/Pages/default.aspx
Rupp, N. G., & Liu, N. (2017). Product quality choices and competition: Evidence from the US airline industry.
Williams, G. (2017). The airline industry and the impact of deregulation. Routledge.
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