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HI5020 Corporate Accounting
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HI5020 Corporate Accounting
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Course Code: HI5020
University: Holmes Institute
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Country: Australia
Question:
(i) From your companies’ financial statements, list each item of equity and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of equity for your firms over the past year articulating the reasons for the change.
(ii) Provide a comparative analysis of the debt and equity position of the two firms that you have selected.
(iii) From the financial statement of your chosen companies, list each item reported in the cash flows statement and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of cash flows statement for your companies over the past years articulating the reasons for the change.
(iv) Provide a comparative analysis of your companies’ three broad categories of cash flows (operating activities, investing activities, financing activities) and make a comparative evaluation for three years.
(v) Also provide a comparative analysis of the two companies that you have selected explaining the insights that you can get from the comparative analysis.OTHER
(vi) What items have been reported in the other comprehensive income statement for each company?
(vii) Why have these items not been reported in Income Statement/Profit and Loss Statements?
(viii) Provide a comparative analysis of the items shown in the other comprehensive income statement section for the two companies. If these items were included in the income statement / profit and loss statements of each company, how would theprofit attributable to shareholders of the company be affected?
(ix) Should other comprehensive income be included in evaluating the performance of managers of the company?
(x) What are the tax expenses shown in the latest financial statements of the two companies that you have selected?
(xi) Calculate the effective tax rate for both companies that you have selected. Effective tax rate is calculated as (income tax expense / earnings before tax). Which one of the companies has the higher effective tax rate?
(xii) Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded.
(xiii) Was there any increase or decrease in the deferred tax assets or in the deferred tax liability reported by each of your selected companies?
(xiv) Please calculate the cash tax amount for both companies using the book tax amount, changes in the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liability (please do your own research for your better understanding of these concepts and the method of calculating the cash tax amount the book tax amount.)
(xv) Calculate the cash tax rate for both companies. Which company has higher cash tax rate? (Please do your own research to familiarise yourself with how to calculate cash tax rate).
(xvi) Why is the cash tax rate different from the book tax rate?
Answer:
Introduction
Accounting is to be made in all the companies as this is the process by which all of the information in relation to the events that took place is recorded. This will be helpful in the identification of the position of the company and also all the aspects involved are evaluated in an appropriate manner. The factors by which this is affected are to be considered so that no errors arise in the process. There will be a determination of the aspects which constitutes the total amount of equity. Then the comprehensive income and various explanations in relation to that will be made. There will be the identification of sources from which cash flows are made and then the cash position of the companies will be evaluated. The tax expense involved in the business will be identified and with that, the effective rate at which they are being charged is taken into account.
i)
In the statements that are prepared equity is the main component and in that various other elements are included. The details in relation to them are provided below in a proper manner.
Contributed Capital:
This is the amount of the paid-up capital which is held by the company. In this, all the payments which have been made by the shareholders are taken into account (POLAT, 2017). There is an increase in this from 455484 to 635246 in Eclipx and from 14885446 to 28107339 in Eildon in the duration of one year (Eildon capital limited, 2017).
Reserves:
The amount which is held by the company in a separate account to be used for some action is considered as the reserve and will be used when the liability becomes due (Kennon, 2018). It is prepared in relation to the specific project and will be used for the same. In this also there is increase from 6650421 to 9203107 in case of Eildon and for Eclipx there is rise from 3470 to 12357 (Eclipx group Limited, 2017).
Retained Earnings:
The total earning which is made by the company is used for various purposes and in that some of the portions will be retained by the business so that it can be used in case of emergency or whenever required (Yemi and Seriki, 2018). In this, the balance of 199861 was there in 2016 and it reached to 215660 in 2017 in case of Eclipx. In Eildon, there is the negative balance in the retained earnings.
ii)
In the business, there are basically two sources from which the funds are acquired and it is required that proper balance among them shall be made. In that, there will be the maintenance of the appropriate capital structure and for that, the amount of the debt and equity which is involved will be identified. In the case of Eildon, there are no long-term borrowings which are made by it. The liabilities are there but they are in relation to the payables and tax (Eildon capital limited, 2017). By this, it can be said that the company is finding its operations wholly by the equity capital.
In the case of the Eclipx, there are borrowings which are made by the company and they are rising in the current year from 1415039 in 2016 to 1610407 in 2017. This shows that the company is taking on more loans. In comparison to this, the equity amount of the company is 863263 which is less than the debts (Eclipx group Limited, 2017). It can be seen that debts are more but they are within the limit and so the company is utilizing both the sources of the funding.
Cash Flows Statement
iii)
The cash flow statement is made so that the activities which are undertaken in cash can be identified (Omag, 2016). In this, there are various activities which are involved and they are as follows:
Cash flow from operating activities: Under this category, there are several events which take place in the company in relation to operations and they will be included (Motlagh, 2013). The receipt and payments which are made by the customers will be included in this. Also, the income which is earned in form of the interest and dividend will be considered. The balance of this is declining from 4766721 to 689174 in case of Eildon whereas in Eclipx there is rise from 370517 to 382133 from 2016 to 2017 (Eclipx group Limited, 2017).
Cash flow from investing activities: The Company will be spending the amount on making of the investment in various activities (Öztürk, 2015). There will be purchase and sale of the assets which will be made and that will be included under this. If there is any other acquisition then it will also be considered under this. There is the negative balance of this in the Eclipx where the balance was -503962 in 2016 and in 2017 it is -529836. In Eildon the balance has reached from -6820640 to -5901821 (Eildon capital limited, 2017).
Cash flow from financing activities: All of the payments and receipts which are made in relation to the financial aspects will be covered under this. If there is any amount in relation to the equity issue or buy back it will be included in this (Nwanyanwu, 2015). There is an increase in Eildon in this category from -5377289 to 11346938 (Eildon capital limited, 2017). Eclipx is also experiencing the rise in this which is from 145195 to 166153 (Eclipx group Limited, 2017).
iv)
The company will be experiencing the change in the values of all the activities under the cash flow statement (Bhandari & Adams, 2017). For the making of proper evaluation, it will be required that comparison among them shall be made. The same for both the companies is presented below:
Eildon capital limited
Particulars
2015
2016
2017
Change 2015-2016
change 2016-2017
Change 2015-2017
Cash flow from operating activity
1231883
4766721
689174
3534838
-4077547
-542709
Cash flow from investing activity
-2514671
-6820640
-5901821
-4305969
918819
-3387150
Cash flow from financing activity
-2215475
-5377289
11346938
-3161814
16724227
13562413
Eclipx group
Particulars
2015
2016
2017
Change 2015-2016
change 2016-2017
Change 2015-2017
Cash flow from operating activity
356690
370517
382133
13827
11616
25443
Cash flow from investing activity
-415323
-503962
-529836
-88639
-25874
-114513
Cash flow from financing activity
114262
145195
166153
30933
20958
51891
v)
In the above section, the increase and decrease in the balances in the cash flow statements are identified. It can be noted that the changes are more in Eildon in comparison to Eclipx. In the Eildon, there is a decline in the operating and investing activities but the increase has been noted for the financing activities (Eildon capital limited, 2017). The Eclipx is facing the negative change in investing activity and in other activities, there is a positive change which is made. The cash balance at the end of the period is more in Eildon in terms of the change as it is more than what has been modified in Eclipx. But the overall cash position is stronger in Eclipx which is having a higher amount of the cash (Eclipx group Limited, 2017).
Other Comprehensive Income Statement
vi)
The comprehensive income statement is the statement in which all of those incomes will be represented which has been made by the company but will be realized in the coming period (Özcan, 2016). There are several such amounts which are included and they will be transferred to the main account once there will be a realization in relation to them. Major transactions which are included in this are cash flow hedges which are involved and also the exchange difference which is there in relation to foreign operations which are taking place (Usman, et. al., 2016). If there is any transfer that is made from the reserve for the sale then it will also be considered as the comprehensive income. If there is any item which has been taken directly from the equity then the tax which will be there on the same will also be covered in the comprehensive income. All of them will be included in the statement so that proper disclosure for them is made.
vii)
All of the events and items which are incorporated and reported in the comprehensive income statement are those which are not realized by the company in the current year. Due to this fact only they are not reported in the income statement of the company (Ngmenipuoa and Issah, 2015). They will be transferred to the main income account once the company will be making the proper realization in their relation. They are not the actual incomes of the given period so their exclusion is made as by the inclusion of them the incorrect profitability position of the business will be reflected. Therefore the elimination of them from the income statement is justified to make the appropriate disclosure of business performance.
viii)
Comparison of items of comprehensive income statements
Eildon capital limited
Particulars
2016
2017
change 2016-2017
Movements in fair values of financial investments directly in equity
69006
0
-69006
Amount transferred from other reserves to other comprehensive income on the sale
-97450
-69006
28444
Income tax on items taken directly from equity
8533
20702
12169
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of income tax
-19911
-48304
-28393
Eclipx group
Particulars
2016
2017
change 2016-2017
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss
Changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges
-643
7225
7868
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations
5290
-5089
-10379
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of income tax
4647
2136
-2511
If the comprehensive income will be included in the income statement then the profits of the company will be affected.
ix)
All of the comprehensive incomes which are made by the company will not be taken into account in the evaluation of the performance of the manager (Obradovi? and Karapavlovi?, 2017). In the process of evaluation, there is the consideration of the incomes which are real and in which the contribution has been made by the manager. As the comprehensive income is not realistic so the inclusion of this will not be made. They will be considered when the actual realization will be made in relation to that amount.
Accounting For Corporate Income Tax
x)
The tax laws are applicable to all the businesses in which the company is making the earnings. In that, there are several provisions which will be required to be considered. The calculation of the tax will be requiring the use of several steps and in that first will be the calculation of the income of the company (Dyreng, et. al., 2017). After this, there will be a determination of the amount of tax which will be required to be paid on the same. They will be described in the financial statements so that it can be determined that what amount is to be met by the company (Myles, et. al., 2014). The same is done in the current year in both the companies and so the tax expense has been recognized by the company in the financial statements. In the case of Eildon, there is an amount of 1568236 which has been identified as the tax expense for the year 2017 (Eildon capital limited, 2017). The Eclipx limited is also undertaking the tax expenses and the recognition for the same has been made with the amount of 21664000 (Eclipx group Limited, 2017).
xi)
The company will be required to make the payment of the tax and for that proper calculation is required to be made (Ribeiro, 2015). This will be done with the help of the effective tax rate which will be applicable. The same will be required to be determined and the calculation will have to be made. In this, the tax expense which has been identified and the amount of the profits will be taken into account (Frey and Engelhard, 2017). By the help of them, the rate of tax will be ascertained and that will be done with the help of below-provided formula.
Effective tax rate = income tax expense / earnings before tax
Eildon limited:
Particulars
Amount ($) million
Income tax expense
1568236
EBT
5227454
Effective tax rate
30%
Eclipx limited:
Particulars
Amount ($) million
Income tax expense
21664
EBT
75874
Effective tax rate
28.55%
The tax rate with the help of which the expense of the tax will be identified has been identified above. In this, it can be noted that the tax will be charged at the higher rate in case of Eildon limited which is 30% (Eildon capital limited, 2017).
xii)
In the company, there are two laws which are applicable and they are tax laws and the accounting laws (Lee, et. al., 2015). The treatments which are made under them are different for all the aspects and due to that, the difference between them is identified. The amount of the tax will also be deviating from them due to the various changes which are involved in the manner several transactions are recorded. The main cause because of which this happens is the temporary difference which is due to the difference in timing of the recording of the event. The main events in Eclipx due to which this happens are a contingent consideration, share-based payments which are not deductible and financial income made on the convertible notes. They are not allowed as the deduction in the taxable income and this leads to the making of difference. In the case of Eildon there is no such difference and due to that, the amounts are similar in both the cases (Eildon capital limited, 2017).
xiii)
In the business, there is the involvement of the deferred tax and it is required that proper recognition and recording of it shall be made in the accounts. In this, there will be changes which will be taking place and it is required that they shall be identified (Sözbilir, et. al., 2015). They will be used for the making of the further actions and for that details in respect of them will be collected.
The deferred tax liabilities have been determined in the the the case of Eclipx and they are fluctuating from what was recorded in the past year. There was the balance of 28257 in 2016 which was identified and an increase has been made which made this amount to reach 49276 (Eclipx group Limited, 2017). The assets have also been recognized in this respect and they were 9519 and 2671 in 2016 and 2017 respectively. The recognition of the liability has also taken place in Eildon limited but in that, there was the decline in the liability. The amount of asset and liability in 2016 was 1139676 and 786902 respectively but in 2017 there was only the asset which was available amounting to 381753 (Eildon capital limited, 2017).
The changes which took place in the comprehensive income in Eclipx were the reason for the deviation which has been made in the company. In the case of Eildon, there were provisions, impairment expense and tax losses which are identified and they are the main cause which will be responsible for the deviation.
xiv)
Eclipx Limited:
In the given case the amount of the tax which has been paid by the company in cash is amounting to 8861 and this has been provided in the cash flow statement. In the income statement, the expense of 21664 has been recognized (Eclipx group Limited, 2017). The difference which is identified in them is due to the deferred tax which is identified for the temporary difference that is present. By that, the timing difference in the company will be removed which is amounting to 8600.
Eildon Limited:
The amount of the tax which is paid in the current year in cash by the company is 671768 which is different from the tax expense that is identified which amounts to 1568236. The difference in the amounts is due to various reasons such as the expense is in relation to the income which has been earned in the current period (Eildon capital limited, 2017). But it is not necessary that all of the amounts can be paid in the present year itself and that too in cash. Due to this reason the deviation in the values arises.
xv)
Calculation of cash tax rates:
Eclipx limited:
Particulars
Amount ($) million
Cash tax amount
8861
EBT
75874
Cash tax rate
11.68%
Eildon limited:
Particulars
Amount ($) million
Cash tax amount
671768
EBT
5227454
Cash tax rate
12.85%
Cash tax rate is the rate of tax by which the amount of tax which is required to be paid in cash will be determined. This will be calculated with the help of the earnings which are made and the tax amount that is paid in cash. They will be used and then the rate will be ascertained which are identified in the above calculation. It can be noted that the cash tax rate is more for Eildon and that is at 12.85% (Eildon capital limited, 2017).
xvi)
The rate which is calculated for the tax as per the values in books and the amount that is paid in cash is not the same and there is the deviation which is identified among them. There is the reason due to which the deviation is identified and that is the difference in the amount of the tax which has been calculated under cash approach and book value approach (Ermakova and Gudshatullaeva, 2016). In one, only the amount which the company has paid as cash in the current financial year is considered while in the other all of the expenses which are identified in relation to the current earnings are taken into account. Due to this the variation in the rate is also there and that is the temporary effect which will be reversed in the coming period. The amount will be met in the next year and then that will also be incorporated thereby removing the deviation which has been identified in the current period.
Conclusion
In the report above there is the consideration of the various elements which are incorporated in the accounts and are relevant for the making of the statements in an appropriate manner. The items which are involved in the equity of the company are being identified and details in respect of them are provided. Then the cash flow statements are analyzed and in that comparison among various years is represented by which the changes which are taking place are identified and also the cash position of the business is evaluated. The comprehensive income statement is reviewed and all of the items which are involved in that are taken into account. The reasons for which they are not included in the income statement are identified. The tax expense of the company is determined and the effective rate which will be used for that is calculated. The deviations in cash rate and book rate are determined with the supportive reasons and explanations.
References
Bhandari, S. B., & Adams, M. T., 2017. On the Definition, Measurement, and Use of the Free Cash Flow Concept in Financial Reporting and Analysis: A Review and Recommendations. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 17(1), 11-19.
Dyreng, S.D., Hanlon, M., Maydew, E.L. and Thornock, J.R., 2017. Changes in corporate effective tax rates over the past 25 years. Journal of Financial Economics, 124(3), pp.441-463.
Eclipx group Limited, 2016. Annual report. [Online]. Eclipx group Limited. Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/E/ASX_ECX_2016.pdf [Accessed: 23 September 2018]
Eclipx group Limited, 2017. Annual report. [Online]. Eclipx group Limited. Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_ECX_2017.pdf [Accessed: 23 September 2018]
Eildon capital limited, 2016. Annual report. [Online]. Eildon capital limited. Available at: https://www.eildonfunds.com/assets/ec-2016-annual-report.pdf [Accessed: 23 September 2018]
Eildon capital limited, 2017. Annual report. [Online]. Eildon capital limited. Available at: https://www.eildonfunds.com/assets/ec-2017-annual-report.pdf [Accessed: 23 September 2018]
Ermakova, N.A. and Gudshatullaeva, E.M., 2016. Peculiarities of the Application of Income Tax Standards by the Subsidiary Company in the Russian Accounting Practice. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(13), pp.5873-5882.
Frey, L. and Engelhard, L., 2017. Review of tax research in accounting: Is the information given by US GAAP income taxes also provided by IFRS? (No. B-28-17). Passauer Diskussionspapiere: Betriebswirtschaftliche Reihe.
Graham, J. R., Ready, J. S., & Shackelford, D. A., 2012. Research in accounting for income taxes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53(1), 412-434.
Kennon, J., 2018. Capital Surplus and Reserves on the Balance Sheet. [Online]. thebalance.com. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/capital-surplus-and-reserves-on-the-balance-sheet-357270 [Accessed: 23 September 2018]
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Motlagh, A.J., 2013. Accounting: Cash Flow Statement. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 7(4), pp.109-116.
Myles, G.D., Hashimzade, N., Heady, C., Oats, L., Scharf, K. and Yousefi, H., 2014. The definition, measurement, and evaluation of tax expenditures and tax reliefs. National Audit Office.
Ngmenipuoa, I.M., and Issah, O., 2015. THE IMPACT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME REPORTING ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF GHANAIAN FIRMS WITH PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY.
Nwanyanwu, L., 2015. Cash flow and Organizational performance in Nigeria: Hospitality and Print media industries perspectives. European Journal of Business, Economics, and Accounting, 3(3), pp.66-70.
Obradovi?, V. and Karapavlovi?, N., 2017. Financial reporting of comprehensive income in the food and beverage sector in the Republic of Serbia. Economics of Agriculture, 64(1), pp.113-128.
Omagh, A., 2016. Cash Flows from Financing Activities. Evidence from the Automotive Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(1), pp.115-122.
Özcan, A., 2016. How well does comprehensive income measure future firm performance compared to net income? Evidence from Turkish listed firms. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 3(3).
Öztürk, C., 2015. Some issues related to the cash flow statement in accounting education: The case of Turkey. Accounting and Management Information Systems, 14(2), p.398.
POLAT, B., 2017. The Driving Factors in Equity Capital Investments: A Study of the Asia-Pacific Country Group. Uluslararas? Ekonomik Ara?t?rmalar Dergisi, 3(3).
Ribeiro, A.I.M., 2015. The determinants of effective tax rates: firms characteristics and corporate governance.
Sözbilir, H., Kula, V. and Baykut, L.E., 2015. Research on Deferred Taxes: A Case Study of BIST Listed Banks in Turkey. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(2), pp.1-9.
Usman, A.B., Amran, N.A.B., and Shaari, H.B., 2016. The Value Relevance of Comprehensive Income in Nigerian: A Pilot Test. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(2), pp.793-797.
Yemi, A.E. and Seriki, A.I., 2018. Retained Earnings and Firms’ Market Value: Nigeria Experience. The Business & Management Review, 9(3), pp.482-496.
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