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PHGY 518 : Artificial Cells
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PHGY 518 : Artificial Cells
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Course Code: PHGY 518
University: McGill University
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Country: Canada
Question:
A single eukaryotic cell not only has a membrane bound nucleus, but also numerous membrane bound organelles. These organelles support the many varied activities that a cell is required to carry out, but also add to the complexity of the intracellular environment. There has recently been an upsurge in the interest around constructing artificial cells, or cell like materials for pharmacological research or possibly even medical treatments.
Keeping in mind the relationship between structure and function, discuss the potential uses of artificial cells and/or cell like materials and whether you consider them to be a good substitute for the natural versions.
Answer:
Artificial cells
Introduction:
There are is a variety of artificial cells with varying definitions. They can either be integral biological cell inhibitors that have cell like structures and have similar properties to living cells. They can also be genetic materials (Elani et al., 2018). However, the bottom line definition is that they are man-made cells that can mimic the natural cells. These cells have many uses. In this assignment, there will be a discussion on the uses of artificial cells and a debate of whether they should be used or not.
Potential uses of artificial cells
Artificial cells can be used for hem perfusion. Hem perfusion is a process in which different contaminants or harmful substances are removed from the blood. The artificial cells have special absorbents that removes the harmful substances that infiltrate through the cell membrane into blood. When compared to other options of blood detoxification, artificial cells have an upper hand since they are very cheap. The ability to restrict motion of the encased absorbents makes this option as well.
Artificial cells can also be used as oxygen carriers There are certain artificial cells that contain hemoglobin or the red blood cells enzymes or both .This cells have the capacity to oxygen in blood since oxygen usually bind on hemoglobin to form hemoglobin (Golchin et al., 2017). This therefore means that the artificial cells can be used to solve the dilemmas surrounding blood transfusion such as the need for blood typing as well as matching so as to prevent immunological reactions in the patient. Artificial cells can also be sterilized easily and this therefore means that the will be minimal chances of transmitting blood borne infections like AIDS and Hepatitis during blood transfusion. Artificial cells are also made in a way that they have a very durable membrane and therefore means they can be stored for longer periods as compared to the natural blood cells that have a lifespan of 42 days when stored at 4 degrees Celsius.
Artificial cells can also be used as drug delivery devices. Several studies have shown that artificial cells can be used to deliver drugs to the tissues in a more effective manner as compared to the oral and the intravenous methods (Reyes, 2018). One aspect that artificial cells have an upper hand is that the cells can release the drugs slowly once they are in the tissues. Other potential applications include enzyme therapy, gene therapy and cell therapy.
As for me, I consider the use of artificial cells as a good move in the field of biotechnology. This due to the numerous advantages or benefits associated with the cells. We are currently in the generation where nanotechnology and molecular biology are at an advanced stage (Xu, Hu, & Chen, 2016). What I would just recommend is for novel and more advanced different types of artificial cells that have better polymer membranes and new contents to be developed. This will make them more effective.
Conclusion:
There have been extensive efforts to come up with artificial cells to copy the natural cells. These cells can be used in many ways such as drug delivery, hem perfusion and in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. Due to the numerous advantages associated with the artificial cells, I would recommend them to be incorporated in healthcare though further research ought to be carried out to prepare artificial cells with better polymers and contents.
References:
Elani, Y., Trantidou, T., Wylie, D., Dekker, L., Polizzi, K., Law, R. V., & Ces, O. (2018). Constructing vesicle-based artificial cells with embedded living cells as organelle-like modules. Scientific Reports, 8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22263-3
Golchin, J., Golchin, K., Alidadian, N., Ghaderi, S., Eslamkhah, S., Eslamkhah, M., & Akbarzadeh, A. (2017). Nanozyme applications in biology and medicine: an overview. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 45(6), 1069-1076. doi:10.1080/21691401.2017.1313268
Reyes, A. (2018). Modulating artificial cells for inducing vocal fold lamina propia regeneration. Cytotherapy, 20(5), S87. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.247
Xu, C., Hu, S., & Chen, X. (2016). Artificial cells: from basic science to applications. Materials Today, 19(9), 516-532. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2016.02.020
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