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SCI 3700 Developments In The Physical Sciences
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SCI 3700 Developments In The Physical Sciences
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Course Code: SCI3700
University: Kingsborough Community College
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Country: United States
Question
How transferring from fuel engine car to an electric engine car impacts the environment ?
Answer
We are living in an era which can be described as the most energy hungry era since the beginning of mankind history. Everyday our consumption of energy is just increasing exponentially. However, as everything else in this universe, energy is also limited and utilizing the limited energy in the most efficient way has been the biggest concern in the scientific community for a long time. Every now and then we see new inventions promising that it can use the energy more efficiently than before.
At the same time, climate change is a major issue in today’s world. Since the beginning of the industrial era, the main source of energy for the engines is fossil fuel. Engine converts the organic energy into mechanical energy by burning it. At the end, it emits Carbon dioxide to the environment as a leftover. Transportation industry is one of the biggest industries that require a tremendous amount of fossil fuel energy and directly impact the climate of our world through Carbon emission. As a result, there are new inventions in this field as well that promises to use energy more efficiently with less environmental impact. We are observing a new era of electric cars that is having zero carbon emissions, and does not require any type of fossil fuel to run. In general observation, this type of electric engines for the cars seems more energy efficient and more environmentally friendly comparing with the traditional cars ran with fossil fuel. However, it is still a question that is it the reality or are we missing something behind the scene?
Transportation industry is the biggest carbon dioxide producer in the USA. Around 6 trillion passenger miles are used each year here. Comparing with other countries, the USA has the largest amount of cars on the road. This gigantic amount of vehicles is one of the biggest harmful carbon dioxide producers after heavy industries on rank. If we can reduce the carbon dioxide emission from transportation industry, it will significantly improve the environment around us. Still the majority amount of cars is run by traditional fossil fuel engines. Moreover, we have to look how a traditional engine works first in order to understand how traditional engine impacts our environment.
A traditional fossil fuel run engine converts the stored organic energy of fossil fuel, usually gasoline, diesel or patrol to mechanical energy by a reaction called the combustion reaction inside the engine cylinders. During this process, oxygen from the air is mixed with the gasoline which creates a slur of gasoline and air. This mix is then ignited by the spark. This combustion produces a massive amount of pressure to move the piston inside the engine cylinder. The linear movement then transfer to the wheels through transmission which converts it into a rotational movement. As this process is highly mechanical, the efficiency of fossil fuel energy is sacrificed. Therefore, only 30-40% of fossil fuel energy is used to run the car while 70-60% energy gets lost during the process in the form of heat. Even the most efficiently designed fossil fuel engine can only give an efficiency of 60%.
Fuel economy increasing since 1978 has saved
more than 50 billion gallons of gasoline per year.
To reduce this pollution, consumption of fossil fuel for car needs to be decreased. A study from Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Transportation by David L. Greene, a Corporate Fellow of Oak Ridge National Laboratory Shows that from year 2010 to year 2015 average car MPG increased from 22 to 30 which is a clear indication of the technology improvement of traditional car engine. Even though this improvement promises us a brighter future for our next generation, still there are limitations. Traditional engine will always depend on some type of fuel to run. As fossil fuel is the most abundant source of energy in our world, most of the engine will be produced depended on this source. The average amount of Carbon Dioxide emission from a fossil fuel run engine is 78.5 g . On the other hand, new improvements of fuel run engines such as the hydrogen engine promises a zero-emission engine which can successfully replace the traditional engine and reduce environmental pollution. A hydrogen fuel engine does not burn any type of fossil fuel to run, rather it utilizes the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce energy to convert it into mechanical energy. In this energy production process, it only produces water which is not an environment pollutant. As we are comparing only traditional fossil fuel with the electronic vehicle, we will not discuss about the hydrogen run engine here. Hence, we will keep our discussion limited to the fossil fuel run engine as well as the electric engine for a car.
An electric engine basically runs by Induction motors. The source of energy is the battery cell in the car which stores electricity. The induction motors replace the necessity of a mechanical engine. This technology produces the zero emission during the energy conversion process. At the same time, we have to look at the original source of electricity to understand how this type of cars impacts our environment. In the USA, 50 % of electricity is produced from either coal or fossil fuel. The electric power plant produces 40% of carbon dioxide during the procedure of electricity production. At the same time, nuclear power plant does not produce any type of carbon dioxide during the whole process. However, the amount of electricity produced from the nuclear power plant is very low comparing with electricity produced from coal or fossil fuel run power plants. As time goes by, we are seeing new sources of energy for electricity production. Some of these energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectricity. These renewable sources also do not produce any pollutant during the process of energy conversion. A study from Economic and environmental comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Shows that around 80 % of electricity will be produced from this type of renewable source in year 2060. If this is the case, the electric car will be a new platform of a zero emission transportation system which will reduce the environment pollution tremendously.
Comparing electric vehicles to fossil fuel vehicles, we can clearly see that an electric vehicle can be a new alternative transportation system that can reduce the greenhouse gases significantly. Also using renewable source to produce electricity will help us to save the precious natural resources in our planet while reducing the emission level. As the world population is growing geometrically, we have to think innovative way to give a better future for our next generation. An electric vehicle can be a pure answer for this better future.
References
Sims, Ralph E H, Hans-Holger Rogner, and Ken Gregory. 2003. “Carbon Emission and Mitigation Cost Comparisons between Fossil Fuel, Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources for Electricity Generation.” Energy Policy, 12.
Walwijk., M. Buckman, W.P. Troelstra, N. Elam, Automotive fuels for the future: The search for alternatives, Report, International Energy Agency, 1999. Via www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/1990/autofuel99.pdf, accessed on March 4, 2005.
Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET 1.6) model. Transportation Technology Research and Development Center, Argonne National Laboratory. Via www. transportation.anl.gov/ttrdc/greet, accessed on March 10, 2005.
Meier, Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation systems and applications for climate change policy analysis, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2002.
Harding, Electric vehicles in the next millennium, J. Power Sources 78 (1999) 193–198.
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