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STA101 Statistics For Business And The Negative Relationship
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STA101 Statistics For Business And The Negative Relationship
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Course Code: STA101
University: Charles Darwin University
MyAssignmentHelp.com is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
Country: Australia
Questions:
Question 1: A sample of eight observations of variables x (years of experience) and y (salary in $1,000s) is shown below:
x 5 3 7 9 2 4 6 8y 20 23 15 11 27 21 17 14
a.Calculate and interpret the covariance between x and y.b.Give a possible reason that the covariance is negative.c.Calculate the coefficient of correlation, and comment on the relationship between x and y.d.Give a possible reason that the correlation is negative.
Question 2:
The L. L. Bean catalog department that receives the majority of its orders by telephone conducted a study to determine how long customers were willing to wait on hold before ordering a product. The length of time was found to be a random variable best approximated by an exponential distribution with a mean equal to 3 minutes.a.What is the value of ?, the parameter of the exponential distribution in this situation?b.What proportion of customers having to hold more than 1.5 minutes will hang up before placing an order?c.Find the waiting time at which only 10% of the customers will continue to hold.d.What is the probability that a randomly selected caller is placed on hold for 3 to 6 minutes?
Question 3:
A researcher wants to study the average lifetime of a certain brand of rechargeable batteries (in hours). In testing the hypotheses, H0: = 950 hours vs. H1: 950 hours, a random sample of 25 rechargeable batteries is drawn from a normal population whose standard deviation is 200 hours.
a.Calculate?? the probability of a Type II error when ? = 1000 and ? = 0.10.b.Calculate the power of the test when ? = 1000 and ? = 0.10.c.Interpret the meaning of the power of the test.d.Review the results of the previous questions. What is the effect of increasing the sample size on the value of ??
Question 4:
A production filling operation has a historical standard deviation of 6 ounces. When in proper adjustment, the mean filling weight for the production process is 47 ounces. A quality control inspector periodically selects at random 36 containers and uses the sample mean filling weight to see if the process is in proper adjustment. Using a standardized test statistic, test the hypothesis at the 5% level of significance if the samples mean filling weight is 48.6 ounces.
Answer:
Data: Years of Experience () and Salary ()
Table 1
x
5
3
7
9
2
4
6
8
y
20
23
15
11
27
21
17
14
Covariance and It interpretation
According to Hahs-Vaughn& Lomax (2013), the covariance between is given by the formula;
To work out the covariance between X and Y, all the items in the above formula will be computed and presented in table:
Table 2
Statistic
X
Y
()()
5
20
-0.5
1.5
-0.75
3
23
-2.5
4.5
-11.25
7
15
1.5
-3.5
-5.25
9
11
3.5
-7.5
-26.25
2
27
-3.5
8.5
-29.75
4
21
-1.5
2.5
-3.75
6
17
0.5
-1.5
-0.75
8
14
2.5
-4.5
-11.25
n(sample size)
8
8
Sum
44
148
Mean
Therefore,
Interpretation:
The covariance explains the relationship between two variables, say X and Y (Hassett &Stewart 2006). According to Hassett &Stewart (2006), a negative covariance between two variables, indicates a negative relationship, that two are negatively associated. Therefore, since the covariance between X and Y, -12.71, is negative, Years of Experience () and Salary () are said to be negatively related. This implies that a change in one influence the other in opposite direction.
Reason for the Negativity of the covariance between X and Y in a
The covariance between X and Y is negative, since small values of X (year of experience) are associated with large values of Y (salary) and vice versa. This is an indicator of negative relationship.
Coefficient of correlation and its Interpretation
According to Hassett &Stewart (2006), coefficient of correlation is computed using the formula
The data from table 2 will be borrowed to work out Variance(X) and Variance(Y)
Statistics
X
Y
5
20
-0.5
1.5
0.25
2.25
3
23
-2.5
4.5
6.25
20.25
7
15
1.5
-3.5
2.25
12.25
9
11
3.5
-7.5
12.25
56.25
2
27
-3.5
8.5
12.25
72.25
4
21
-1.5
2.5
2.25
6.25
6
17
0.5
-1.5
0.25
2.25
8
14
2.5
-4.5
6.25
20.25
n(sample size)
8
8
Sum
44
148
42
192
Mean
5.5
18.5
Therefore,
Then use the two variances and the covariance obtained in part a to find the coefficient of correlation.
Hence, the correlation coefficient is -0.9911, which is very close to -1. This implies X (years of experience) and Y (salary) are highly negatively related. Just like the covariance, it shows that X and Y are negatively associated.
Reason for negative correlation coefficient.
The covariance between X and Y was negative, which influence the sign of correlation level between the two variables.
Question Two
Data: mean of an exponential distribution is 3 minute
The probability density function (pdf) of an exponential distribution is;
Given this pdf, the mean (T) is given by .Also the cumulative probability function (Cdf) is given by
The value of parameter for the exponential distribution
The proportion of customers who will hold for more than 1.5 minutes.
This will be given by the probability of waiting for more than 1.5 minutes. This will be computed by integrating the pdf of exponential distribution between 1.5 and infinity.
Waiting time at which 10% of the customer will continue to hold.
This the probability that , which can computed from the Cdf of the exponential distribution. Therefore,
Since, then,
Probability a randomly selected customer is placed on hold for 3 to 6 minutes.
This will be given by
Therefore,
Question Three
Data: H0: = 950 hours vs. H1: 950 hours,
Computation of the probability of a Type II error when = 1000 and = 0.10.
Below hypothesis will be considered;
First, the critical value of sample mean will be computed. According to Goos & Meintrup (2016), critical value of mean is given by
Therefore,
This given by
Thus,
Calculate the power of the test when = 1000 and = 0.10.
The power of the test is given by
Interpretation of power of the test
, is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis that.
Effects of increasing the sample size.
To explain this, we shall assume that the sample size of the population in question was changed from 25 to 36. Then compute the new
This given by
Thus, , which is less than initial . This clear show that the when sample size is increased probability of a Type II error will decrease. On the other hands, the power of test will increase as it depends on the value of , a smaller results to a bigger power of test.
Question Four
Data: Production Filling Operations,
Hypothesis test at 5% significance level
Since the population mean and standard deviation are known, the hypothesis test will be based on -score. According to Goos & Meintrup (2016, p.100), -score is computed by the formula
Hence, -score is 1.6
To decide the significance of the test, critical value of, will be determined from tables at 5% significance level. Since, the above test single tailed (right), the critical will be 1.645, which is greater than , 1.6.
Interpretation:
Since computed is less than critical, then null hypothesis will not be rejected (Goos & Meintrup 2016). This implies that the population mean is not greater than 47 at 5% significance level
References
Hahs-Vaughn, D.L. and Lomax, R.G., 2013. An introduction to statistical concepts. Routledge.
Hassett, M.J. and Stewart, D., 2006. Probability for risk management. Actex Publications.
Goos, P. and Meintrup, D., 2016. Statistics with JMP: Hypothesis Tests, ANOVA and Regression. John Wiley & Sons.
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